The Happiness Industry Read online

  Free: The Future of a Radical Price (Anderson), 185

  Freud, Sigmund, 29, 164, 169, 198, 200, 203

  Friedman, Milton, 149, 150, 154, 156–7, 159, 160, 161

  friendship, 186, 187, 188, 191, 197, 201, 205, 208, 211, 212, 222, 225, 243, 258

  friendvertising, 189

  Gale, Harlow, 83, 85

  Gallup (poll), 9, 106, 146, 219, 272

  Gallup, George, 101

  gaming, 205–6

  The Genealogy of Morals (Nietzsche), 84

  General Adaptation Syndrome, 129

  General Medical Council (Britain), 110

  General Motors (GM), 215–16

  General Phonograph Manufacturing Company, 200

  General Sentiment, 223

  generosity, 185, 196

  Georgetown University, 142

  German Automobile Manufacturers’ Association, 217

  Germany, influx of Americans taking university degrees and research training in, 83

  Gershon, Michael, 231

  Gilbert, Jeremy, 213

  Gladwell, Malcolm, 72

  global economic management, 3

  Google, 37, 193

  Graham, Richard, 205, 206

  gratitude, 33, 131, 186, 187, 194, 196, 210, 276

  group identity, 123

  group psychology, 124, 125

  Growing Well, 246, 247, 248, 250

  Guze, Samuel, 169

  Hague, William, 139–40, 141, 142, 144

  Haidt, Jonathan, 73

  Hall, G. Stanley, 83, 84

  Halo (game), 205, 206

  Hancock, Jeffrey, 257

  happiness

  accessing truth of, 229

  Bentham on, 18

  as biological and physical state of being, 230

  current explosion of political and business interest in, 8

  current preoccupation with, 69

  Jevons on, 113

  as like a muscle, 114

  as measurable, visible, improvable entity, 3

  as not a single quantity, 242

  as objective, behavioural event, 257

  as preoccupation for economists, 66

  as preoccupation for mental health professionals, medical doctors, pharmaceutical companies, and individuals, 174

  proxies for, 24

  pursuit of via relationships, 209

  science of, 209, 230. See also happiness science

  search for measure of, 24–5

  as sitting somewhere in between quantitative science and spiritualism, 38

  as ultimate purpose of government, 37

  workplace happiness, 109, 113

  happiness advocates, 260

  happiness economics, 5, 74, 229, 252

  happiness gurus, 113, 211, 219

  happiness measurement, 6, 11, 36–7, 38, 251, 260

  happiness science, 6, 7, 9, 11, 20, 38, 231, 250, 258. See also happiness, science of

  happiness studies, 5, 147

  happiness surveys, 267

  happiness value, of words, 226

  The Happiness Advantage (Achor), 114

  hard-wired, 90, 183, 205

  Harré, Rom, 266, 269

  Harris, Oren, 170

  Harvard Foundations of Human Behavior Initiative, 88

  Hawthorne Effect, 123

  Hawthorne Studies, 122, 134

  Hayek, Friedrich, 154

  health, 126, 251

  Health 2.0 policies, 228

  Health 2.0 technologies, 135

  Health app (iPhone 6), 135

  health-tracking wristbands, 276

  Healy, David, 171

  heart-rate monitoring, 25, 37, 137

  hedonimeter, 60, 64

  Hegel, G. W. F., 28, 30

  The Hidden Persuaders (Packard), 73, 74

  Hilton, Steve, 191

  homo economicus, 61–2

  Hoover, Herbert, 100

  HOPE (Hawaii’s Opportunity Probation with Enforcement) programme, 235

  Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, 175

  Hsieh, Tony, 113

  Hudson Yards real estate project (NYC), 233–4, 235, 237

  human capital, 126, 151, 160

  human existence, ideal form of, 112

  human optimality/optimization, 5, 129, 274

  human resource management, 189, 238, 276

  human resources profession, 108, 133

  Hume, David, 14

  Hyde Park (Chicago), 148

  idealism, 27, 181

  Ignite U, 134

  imipramine, 162

  income inequality, 34, 144. See also economic inequality

  Increasing Access to Psychological Therapies programme, 111

  indices, 176

  individual choice, theory of, 59

  Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion (Cialdini), 238

  Infoglut (Andrejevic), 260

  Ingeus, 110, 112

  insurance fraud, 42, 44, 45, 46

  intangible assets, 126

  internet addiction, 204–5, 207

  internships, 274

  interventions, 17, 20, 35, 108, 111, 265

  Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (Bentham), 22

  introspection, 22, 48, 63, 64, 78, 86

  iPhone 6, 26, 135

  iproniazid, 162

  J. Walter Thompson (JWT), 93, 94, 95, 97, 215–16, 217, 218, 220, 225, 242

  James, William, 83, 84, 86

  Jawbone UP, 240

  Jennings, Richard, 49, 50, 51

  Jevons, William Stanley

  and Chicago School of economics, 150–1

  childhood, 47–8

  on commodities, 58

  as converting economics into form of psychological mathematics, 116

  on decision-making, 59

  as fascinated with machine-like qualities of the mind, 56

  on happiness, 113

  on how we experience pleasures and pains, 65, 66

  as imagining mind through metaphors of geometry and mechanics, 62

  introduction of to economics, 60

  on the mind as mechanical balancing device, 264

  on money as yielding happiness, 114

  and natural sciences, 59

  as obsessed with understanding fluctuations in pleasure, 84

  as one developer of theory of utility maximization, 62

  on pleasure and pain having own discernible quantities, 61

  reading of economics, 50, 55

  representation of capitalism, 57

  on true comprehension of Value, 54

  as turning market into mind-reading device, 57

  vision of calculating hedonist, 56

  weight-lifting experiments of, 49, 59

  Jobs, Steve, 161

  Johns Hopkins University, 92

  Johnson & Johnson, 94

  Jourard Self-Disclosure Scale, 165

  Jung, Minah, 182

  just noticeable difference, 30, 36, 37

  justice, theory of, 62

  JWT (J. Walter Thompson) (advertising firm), 93, 94, 95, 97, 215–16, 217, 218, 220, 225, 242

  Kahn, Robert, 132

  Kant, Immanuel, 23, 27, 28, 30

  Karma Kitchen, 181

  Kasser, Tim, 132, 253

  Kefauver, Estest, 170

  Keynesian thinking/policy, 149, 154, 160

  Kline, Nathan, 161–4

  Knight, Frank, 149

  knowledge-based economy, 136

  Knutson, Brian, 74

  Kraepelin, Emil, 169

  Kramer, Peter, 163

  Kuhn, Ronald, 161–4

  Lamplighter health and well-being programme, 134–5

  language

  of behavioural and neurosciences, 259

  behaviourism as doing violence to language we use to understand other people, 264

  Bentham as ridiculing language of law, 15

  Bentham on natural sciences avoiding meaningless use of, 17

  Bentham’s distrust of, 19, 32, 104

  of
gratitude, 186

  limitations of, 33

  metaphysical language, 84, 90

  metrics and prices as, 64

  of natural science, 17

  numbers as means of recreating common public language, 146

  politicization of, 145

  powerful and powerless as speaking different languages, 260

  quality of psychological language, 263

  shift from conceptual language to scientific one, 80

  Wittgenstein on nothing prior to, 265

  Wundt as refusing to purge psychology of philosophical language, 81

  Layard, Richard, 38, 111, 260

  Lazarsfeld, Paul, 99

  Leader, Darian, 52

  learned helplessness, 165, 262

  Lenin, Vladimir, 119

  Lewin, Kurt, 198

  Lieberman, Matt, 195, 213

  Lindstrom, Martin, 32

  Lloyds TSB, 186

  Loehr, Jim, 112

  Logical Abacus, 56

  London School of Economics, 64, 98, 228

  loneliness, 147, 193, 194, 196, 209, 253, 258

  Lornitzo, Franz, 199

  Losse, Kate, 187

  Lynd, Helen, 98, 99, 101

  Lynd, Robert, 98, 99, 101

  Madison Avenue, 92, 93, 215

  management

  aim of in 1930s, 124

  autarchic management, 272, 273

  global economic management, 3

  human resource management, 189, 238, 276

  opposition to, 127

  psychological management, 38, 141

  psychosomatic management, 128

  scientific management, 118–19, 120, 136–7, 235

  somatic management, 274

  therapeutic management, 125, 128

  managerial class, 82

  Mappiness (app), 228

  market deregulation, 1, 144

  market exchange, theory of, 62

  market price system, 60–1

  market research, 72, 73, 74, 75, 83, 97, 99, 100, 101, 103, 221, 223, 251, 261

  marketing, 188, 193, 210, 274

  markets, 57, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160. See also free markets

  Marshall, Alfred, 58, 61

  Martineau, James, 48

  Marx, Karl, 55, 214

  Maslow, Abraham, 146

  mass psychological measurement, 217

  mass psychological profiling, 216

  mass surveillance, 193, 224, 236, 238

  The Mass Observation Project, 100

  materialism, 211, 253

  mathematics, 47, 49

  Mayo, Elton, 121–5, 128, 131, 132, 133, 134, 136, 189

  McGill Pain Questionnaire, 175

  McKeen Cattell, James, 83, 84, 85, 86

  McKinsey & Co., 119

  McNamara, Robert, 235

  measurement

  apparatus of as continually growing, 242

  bodily-tracking devices, 240

  of experienced utility, 64

  happiness measurement, 6, 11, 36–7, 38, 251, 260

  of human optimality, 274

  as indicating quantity not quality, 146

  mass psychological measurement, 217

  no single measure of happiness and well-being, 241

  objective psychological measurement, 268

  of ourselves, 232

  of pain, 33, 249

  of pleasure, 22, 33, 249

  of politics, 145

  of positivity, 165

  psychic measurement, 59, 60

  of punishment, 22

  quality of life measures, 126

  of speed of mental processes, 77

  measurement tools, eighteenth century inventions in, 22–3

  Mechanics’ Institutes/Institutions, 47, 48

  meditation, 32, 38, 68, 112, 260

  Menger, Carl, 54

  mental health/mental illness, 107, 108, 126, 127, 252, 254

  mental optimization, 242

  mental processes, measuring speed of, 77

  mental resilience, 135

  Merck, 164

  metaphysics, 31, 37, 78, 86, 89, 92

  Meyer, Adolf, 93, 169

  Meyerian psychiatry, 169, 290–291n30

  Microsoft, 159 ‘Middletown in Transition’, 99

  ‘Middletown Studies’, 98, 100, 101

  Miliband, Ed, 191

  Mill, John Stuart, 49, 53

  mind, 7, 56, 57, 62, 68, 96

  mind–body problem, 28

  mindfulness, 32, 35, 259, 260, 265, 273

  mind-reading technology, 33, 75–6

  Minerva Research Initiative (Pentagon), 257

  misery, 108, 115, 271

  MIT Affective Computing research centre, 221

  money, 25–6, 27, 37, 39, 46, 51, 52, 57, 59, 61, 65, 66, 67, 69

  monism, 21, 29, 33, 34, 129, 131, 136, 176, 241, 274

  monopolies, 155, 158, 159

  mood, use of term, 231

  mood tracking, 5, 6, 228

  Moodscope (app), 228

  Moreno, Jacob, 197–205, 207, 208, 210, 214, 264

  motivation, 37, 112, 183

  Munsterberg, Hugo, 84

  Muntaner, Carles, 250, 254

  Murdoch, Rupert, 213

  Myspace, 213

  mysticism, 259, 261

  narcissism, 197, 204, 207, 220, 222

  National Charity Company, 35, 109

  National Health Service (NHS), 111, 247

  National Institute of Mental Health, 169

  national well-being, 4, 146, 245

  Natural Elements of Political Economy (Jennings), 50

  natural environment, 247

  neo-classical economists/economics, 113, 123, 181

  neo-Kraepelinians, 169

  neoliberal socialism, 212, 214

  neoliberalism, 10, 34, 141, 144, 148, 149, 153, 154, 160, 161, 177, 179, 210, 211, 213, 223, 246, 258, 274

  neurasthenia, 116

  neurochemicals, 67, 68

  neurological monitoring, 38

  neurological reward system, 66

  neuromarketing, 73, 76, 97, 102, 104, 188, 256, 262

  neuropsychology, 68

  neuroscience, 4–5, 20–1, 73, 103, 176, 205, 255, 257, 259

  new age mysticism, 260

  new age religions, 38

  new age thinker, Fechner as, 28

  New York Training School for Girls, 202

  NHS (National Health Service), 111, 247

  Nietzsche, Friedrich, 5, 84

  Nike, 221

  nucleus accumbens, 67

  Nudge (Sunstein and Thaler), 88

  Nudge Unit (UK), 235, 237

  nudging/nudges, 90, 183

  Obama, Barack, 255

  Obama BRAIN Initiative, 255

  occupational health, 132, 134, 254

  O’Leary, Michael, 185

  online advertising, 96

  opinion-polling, 9, 101, 223

  optimization

  definition, 243

  human optimality/optimization, 5, 129, 274

  managerial cult of, 137

  mental optimization, 242

  psychic optimization, 177

  self-optimization, 213

  social optimization, 181–214

  well-being optimization, science of, 136

  Osheroff, Raphael, 291n32

  Osheroff Case, 291n32

  outdoors, 245

  oxytocin, 195, 256

  pain, 19–20, 33, 50, 55, 66, 74, 249, 262, 263

  Paine, Thomas, 17

  PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Scale), 228

  Pareto, Vilfredo, 61

  passivity, 249

  paternalism, 90

  pay-it-forward, 181–2, 184, 188, 191

  Penn Resilience Project, 277n5

  Pentagon, 255, 257

  performance-related pay, 182

  pharmaceutical industry/big pharma, 170, 171, 177, 178, 256, 271

  physical activity, 247

  physiological monitoring, 38

 
; physiology, 195

  Pinkser, Henry, 174

  placebos, 290n22

  pleasure, 21, 22, 33, 55, 65, 66, 249

  pleasure principle, 29

  political authority, 34, 63

  political economy, 50, 56

  politics, 18, 23–6, 32, 37, 76–7, 88, 145, 155, 259

  polls, 9, 101, 146–7, 223

  polymaths, 33, 121

  pop behaviourism, 257

  pop-economics, 152

  positive affect, 175

  positive psychology, 4, 6, 9, 11, 38, 74, 114, 165, 175, 194, 196, 208, 209, 210, 247, 250, 254, 259, 260

  positivity, 11, 112, 165

  Predictably Irrational (Ariely), 238

  predictive shopping, 239

  preferences, theory of, 61

  price theory, 151, 152, 154

  Priestley, Joseph, 13, 14, 47

  The Principles of Scientific Management (Taylor), 118

  ‘The Problem of Social Cost’ (Coase), 156

  Prozac, 163

  psychiatric scales, 165

  psychic energizers, 164

  psychic maximization, 177

  psychic measurement, 59, 60

  psychic optimization, 177

  psychological knowledge, 266

  psychological management, 38, 141

  psychological surveillance, 219, 223, 228

  The Psychological Corporation, 86

  psychology

  in America as having no philosophical heritage, 85, 86

  application of American psychology to business problems, 85

  association with philosophy, 80, 81

  behavioural psychology, 97, 234

  as being modelled on physiology or biology, 264

  clinical psychology, 250, 254

  community psychology, 250, 254

  consumer psychology, 74, 85

  economics divorce from, 61, 69

  experimental psychology, 81

  Fechner as key figure in development of, 28

  first laboratory for, 77–9

  first labs in American universities, 84

  group psychology, 124, 125

  neuropsychology, 68

  positive psychology. See positive psychology promise of practical utility of, 91

  reunion of with economics, 64, 182

  social psychology, 125, 189, 266

  theory of, as balancing act, 67

  The Psychology of Advertising (Scott), 86

  psychopharmacology, 162

  psychophysical parallelism, 259

  psychophysics, 29, 30, 31

  psychosomatic interventions/management/programmes/theories, 122, 124, 128, 135

  psychotherapy, 124, 127

  pulse rate, 25, 26, 27, 37, 79

  punishment, 16, 19, 22, 23, 179, 183, 239

  PwC, 119

  Qualia, 36

  quality of life measures, 126

  quantitative sociological research, 98

  quantified community, 233, 234

  quantified self apps, 221

  quantified self movement, 221, 228

  quants, 237

  questionnaires, 165, 175, 176

  random acts of managerial generosity, 184

  randomized sampling methods, 97